SAE AMS6328 Steel Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.48 0.53C) (SAE 8750)
时间:2024-05-14 09:20:24 来源: 标准资料网 作者：标准资料网 阅读：8880
Product Code:SAE AMS6328
Title:Steel Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.48 0.53C) (SAE 8750)
Issuing Committee:Ams E Carbon And Low Alloy Steels Committee
Scope:This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforRepresentativeSamplingforManagementofWasteandContaminatedMedia
【原文标准名称】:废物和污染媒介管理用代表性取样的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTMD6044-1996(2009)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:1996
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D34.01.01
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:bias;contaminatedmedia;precision;representative;sample;waste;wastemanagement;Compositesampling;Environmentalsampling/testing;Representativesampling;Samplingwastematerials/applications
【摘要】:Representativesamplesaredefinedinthecontextofthestudyobjectives.Thisguidedefinesthemeaningofarepresentativesample,aswellastheattributesthesample(s)needstohaveinordertoprovideavalidinferencefromthesampledatatothepopulation.Thisguidealsoprovidesaprocesstoidentifythesourcesoferror(bothsystematicandrandom)sothataneffortcanbemadetocontrolorminimizetheseerrors.Thesesourcesincludesamplingerror,measurementerror,andstatisticalbias.Whentheobjectiveislimitedtothetakingofarepresentative(physical)sampleorarepresentativesetof(physical)samples,onlypotentialsamplingerrorsneedtobeconsidered.Whentheobjectiveistomakeaninferencefromthesampledatatothepopulation,additionalmeasurementerrorandstatisticalbiasneedtobeconsidered.Thisguidedoesnotapplytothecaseswherethetakingofanonrepresentativesample(s)isprescribedbythestudyobjective.Inthatcase,samplingapproachessuchasjudgmentsamplingorbiasedsamplingcanbetaken.Theseapproachesarenotwithinthescopeofthisguide.Followingthisguidedoesnotguaranteethatrepresentativesampleswillbeobtained.Butfailuretofollowthisguidewilllikelyresultinobtainingsampledatathatareeitherbiasedorimprecise,orboth.Followingthisguideshouldincreasethelevelofconfidenceinmakingtheinferencefromthesampledatatothepopulation.ThisguidecanbeusedinconjunctionwiththeDQOprocess(seePracticeD5792).Thisguideisintendedforthosewhomanage,design,andimplementsamplingandanalyticalplansforwastemanagementandcontaminatedmedia.1.1Thisguidecoversthedefinitionofrepresentativenessinenvironmentalsampling,identifiessourcesthatcanaffectrepresentativeness(especiallybias),anddescribestheattributesthatarepresentativesampleorarepresentativesetofsamplesshouldpossess.Forconvenience,thetermx201C;representativesamplex201D;isusedinthisguidetodenotebotharepresentativesampleandarepresentativesetofsamples,unlessotherwisequalifiedinthetext.1.2Thisguideoutlinesaprocessbywhicharepresentativesamplemaybeobtainedfromapopulation.Thepurposeoftherepresentativesampleistoprovideinformationaboutastatisticalparameter(s)(suchasmean)ofthepopulationregardingsomecharacteristic(s)(suchasconcentration)ofitsconstituent(s)(suchaslead).Thisprocessincludesthefollowingstages:(1)minimizationofsamplingbiasandoptimizationofprecisionwhiletakingthephysicalsamples,(2)minimizationofmeasurementbiasandoptimizationofprecisionwhenanalyzingthephysicalsamplestoobtaindata,and(3)minimizationofstatisticalbiaswhenmakinginferencefromthesampledatatothepopulation.Whilebothbiasandprecisionarecoveredinthisguide,majoremphasisisgiventobiasreduction.1.3Thisguidedescribestheattributesofarepresentativesampleandpresentsageneralmethodologyforobtainingrepresentativesamples.Itdoesnot,however,providespecificorcomprehensivesamplingprocedures.Itistheuser''sresponsibilitytoensurethatproperandadequateproceduresareused.1.4Theassessmentoftherepresentativenessofasampleisnotcoveredinthisguidesinceitisnotpossibletoeverknowthetruevalueofthepopulation.1.5Sincethepurposeofeachsamplingeventisunique,thisguidedoesnotattempttogiveastepbystepaccountofhowtodevelopasamplingdesignthatresultsinthecollectionofrepresentativesamples.【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforDesigningCost-EffectiveSamplingandMeasurementPlansbyUseofEstimatedUncertaintyandItsComponentsinWasteManagementDecision-Making
【原文标准名称】:通过使用废物管理决策中评估的不确定性及其组成部分来设计成本-效率抽样和测量计划的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTMD6842-2002(2007)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2002
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D34.01.01
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:analysisofvariance;cost-efficient;decision-making;experimentaldesign;optimization;precision;samplingandmeasurementprocess;samplingplan;statistics;sourcesofuncertainty;variance;variancecomponents
【摘要】:Thisguidewillevaluatesampledatathatcontainahighlevelofuncertaintyfordecision-makingpurposesand,whereitisfeasible,designastatisticalstudytoestimateandreducethesourcesofuncertainty.Oftentimes,historicaldatamaybeavailableandadequateforthispurposeandnonewstudyisneeded.3.1.1Thisapproachwillhelpthestakeholdersbetterunderstandwherethegreatestsourcesofuncertaintyareinthesamplingandanalysisprocess.Resourcescanbedirectedtowheretheycanmostreducetheoveralluncertainty.3.1.2Samplingandanalysisdesignunderthisapproachcanoftenbecost-efficientbecause(a)thereductioninuncertaintycanbedonebystatisticalmeansaloneand(b)thereductioncanbetranslatedintoalowernumberofanalyses.Thisguideislimitedtothesituationwhereadecisionisbasedonthemeanofapopulation.Itwillonlyincludediscussionsofabalanceddesignforthecollectionandanalysisofsampledatainordertoestimatethesourcesofuncertainty.Referencestounbalanceddesignsareprovidedwhereappropriate.1.1Wastemanagementdecisionsgenerallyinvolveuncertaintybecauseofthefactthatdecisionsarebasedontheuseofsampledata.Whenuncertaintycanbereducedorcontrolled,abetterdecisioncanbeachieved.Onewaytoreduceorcontroluncertaintyisthroughtheestimationandcontrolofthecomponentscontributingtotheoveralluncertainty(orvariance).Controlofthesizesofthesevariancecomponentsisanoptimizationprocess.Theoptimizationsresultscanbeusedtoeitherimproveanexistingsamplingandanalysisplan(ifitshouldbefoundtobeinadequatefordecision-makingpurposes)ortooptimizeanewplanbydirectingresourcestowheretheoverallvariancecanbereducedthemost.1.2Estimationofthevariancecomponentsfromthetotalvariancestartswiththesamplingandmeasurementprocess.Theprocessinvolvestwodifferentkindsofuncertainties:randomandsystematic.Theformerisassociatedwithimprecisionofthedata,whilethelatterisassociatedwithbiasofthedata.Thisguidewilldiscussonlysourcesofuncertaintyofarandomnature.1.3Theremaybemanysourcesofuncertaintyinwastemanagementdecisions.However,thisguidedoesnotintendtoaddresstheissueofhowthesesourcesareidentified.Itistheresponsibilityofthestakeholdersandtheirtechnicalstafftoanalyzethesamplingandmeasurementprocessesinordertoidentifythepotentiallysignificantsourcesofuncertainty.Afteridentifyingthesesources,thisguidewillprovideguidanceonhowtocollectandanalyzedatatoobtainanestimateofthetotaluncertaintyanditscomponents.
【中国标准分类号】:Z04
【国际标准分类号】:13_030_01
【页数】:5P.;A4
【正文语种】: